1) data models for interoperability and machine-readability, namely SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) published by the W3C, and
2) best practices guidelines, which focus on thesauri but are relevant for taxonomies. These are ANSI/NISO Z39.19 and ISO 25964. The International Organization for Standardization will publish a revised edition of ISO 25964 Part 1: Thesauri for Information Retrieval later this year. I have been contributing to the revision as a member of its international working group
I have written before on Standards for Taxonomies, which is at a high level, and I will write again about the revisions in the new version of ISO 25964 Part1, when it will be published. For now, I’d like to discuss some the specifics of defining an international standard which I have been working on recently.
Different Language Versions
The international standard is written in English, but it may be translated into other languages in the future. Since it cannot be assumed to be translated into certain languages, and since the standard covers multilingual thesauri, it needs to include examples in different languages. Some of the examples in ISO 25964-1 are translated into common languages, such as French, German, and Spanish, but other languages are not included. Thus, this standard also includes an extensive table of the “tags” and “expansions” or terminology that appears in a thesaurus for 10 additional languages. Examples include BT (Broader Term), NT (Narrower term), and SN (Scope note).
A German reviewer pointed out some errors in the German column of the table, which prompted me to look more carefully, and I noticed some issues in the Russian and Arabic, languages I had studied long ago and which are not represented by native speakers in our working group. I sought other sources on thesauri in those languages, examples of thesauri on the web, and native-speaker experts.
As it turns out, for the specialized use of thesauri, it’s not just a matter of a translation, but what is used in the context. Scope note could have various translations in a languages, as both the words “scope” and “note” can have different translations. Even, “broader,” narrower” and “related” can be translated differently. Broad can mean “wide” and perhaps “superordinate” and “subordinate” are better translations in a different language.
Variations and Lack of Standards
The thesaurus terminology is quite standardized in English and somewhat less so in other languages. Although the original ISO and German DIN thesaurus standards go back to 1974 and 1972 respectively, these standards have never been free and are actually rather expensive for the number of pages, unlike the ANSI/NISO standard, which has been made freely available since 1974. Thus, the free English-language standard from the United States, has been most widely read and followed. Creators of other standards sometimes translate from English inconsistently rather than relying on a standard in their own language.
There are different reasons for variations. Some thesaurus authors prefer to use terminology closer to English, while others prefer to user terminology that is more native, when near-synonyms exist. For example in Russian, “related” could be “assotsiativny” or “rodstvenny,” and “concept” could be “kontsept,” or “ponyatiya.” There is also the matter of saving space with concise labels. While English has a single word for “broader” or “narrower,” a correct translation for the comparative requires two words, as in “more broad” or “more narrower” in other languages, such as French, Spanish, and Russian. Often the word for “more” is omitted to save space, but in other thesauri it is included for preciseness. Arabic-language thesauri vary in their use of tags/terminology depending on the region within the large Arabic-speaking world.
I found the multilingual UNESCO thesaurus and UN library’s UNBISthesaurus good sources to consult, since you can change not only the terms, but also the user interface with its tags and designation into different languages. However, these two UN-related sources are not even consistent with each other!
I suspect that in some thesauri the terminology was simply translated from English by a translator who was not familiar thesauri, rather than developed by a thesaurus specialist/taxonomist who would research the formats of other thesauri in the language.
Legacy Standards and Future Direction
Thesauri were originally developed for print, where space is an issue so short tags were created. Now thesauri are online, and tags are not needed and rarely used. But the new edition of the standard continues to include tags to be comprehensive. I think at least the tags should be de-emphasized, and we authors of the standard should not be creating them where they do not exist.
Should the standard be more descriptive or prescriptive? Descriptive would mean describing what is done in thesauri in existence. I looked up various thesauri online to see what tags ad terminology they were using. If a certain designation is used more than another, such as the phrase used to mean “broader term,” then we could decide that is the standard for a language.
Prescriptive would mean to dictate the standard, typically based on expertise and belief it what would be best. In face of inconsistencies, the standard could be prescriptive. Being prescriptive would also mean that the latest revision of the standard should follow the prior edition and any previous translations of it, rather than merely following the usage practice the of leading examples of thesauri on the Web.
Although the distinction between terms and concepts is addressed in the current ISO thesaurus standard, the current summary table of tags addresses only “terms” and term relationships. The table of tags and terminology in the new version will now includes Broader concept, Narrower concept and Related concept (which do not have tags). As new additions to the standard, the names for these in other languages thus need to be prescribed by the standard. Relying on thesauri published on the web, I found, results in too much inconsistency. Official translations of the SKOS data model are a good source but exist for only some languages. I even looked at the user interface of a SKOS-based taxonomy management software (PoolParty) in German and found yet other translations for broader, narrower, and related.
I hope the new edition of ISO 25964 Part 1: Thesauri for Information Retrieval will be read more widely and provide more consistency for thesauri.
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